{"schema_version":"2.0","name":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","articles":[{"id":"article-wpc-applications","slug":"wpc-applications","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/","title":"WPC applications: decking, cladding, fencing and specialist solutions","description":"An application map for wood–plastic composite profiles, boards, panels and moulded components.","sections":[{"id":"scope","heading":"How to use this application map","text":"Published research documents WPC uses in decking and docks, railings, siding, fencing, joinery, landscaping, furniture and vehicle interiors. This guide groups those uses with related specification questions. It is a coverage map, not a claim that every listed product is available, approved or suitable for every project. The checklists below are editorial prompts rather than quoted engineering requirements.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#scope"},{"id":"decking","heading":"Decking, terraces, balconies and access surfaces","text":"For garden terraces, balcony decking, boardwalks, steps and pool surrounds, define traffic, wet exposure and the supporting structure. Request profile-specific span and loading information, slip-test conditions, edge and stair details, movement clearances and drainage instructions. A balcony surface is only one part of the balcony assembly.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#decking"},{"id":"cladding","heading":"Cladding, façade profiles, soffits and fascia","text":"Review flat, fluted, slatted, hollow, solid or capped profiles against their declared use. Separate exterior cladding from interior decorative panels. For an exterior wall, check orientation, fixing layout, ventilation, drainage, edge closures, interfaces and applicable fire requirements with the project team. A decorative profile shape does not establish façade suitability.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#cladding"},{"id":"fencing","heading":"Fencing, privacy screens, gates and infill","text":"Consider privacy panels, boundary fencing and screening as assembled systems. Review wind exposure, post and rail spacing, fixings and movement. Where a gate uses composite infill, assess its frame, hinges, sag and operating clearances separately. A fence panel is not automatically a safety barrier.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#fencing"},{"id":"railings","heading":"Railings, balustrades and handrails","text":"Identify whether the composite component is decorative, infill or part of the load-resisting system. Ask for evidence for the complete guard or handrail arrangement, including connections and any internal reinforcement. Do not replace a tested component with a visually similar decking or fence board.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#railings"},{"id":"landscaping","heading":"Landscaping, garden features and shade screens","text":"For landscape edging, planter surrounds, garden screens, pergola infill and shade slats, state the intended ground, water and sunlight exposure. Verify cleaning, drainage, fixings and replacement access. Confirm soil or other contact suitability where relevant. Do not treat a decorative slat as a structural pergola beam without specific design evidence.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#landscaping"},{"id":"furniture","heading":"Furniture and public-space components","text":"Benches, tables, seating slats and other furniture components need a review of supports, connection details, contact surfaces, cleaning and repair. In public spaces, include foreseeable misuse and replacement logistics in the brief. Separate cosmetic durability from the load performance of the complete item.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#furniture"},{"id":"interiors","heading":"Interior panels, trims and joinery","text":"Interior wall or ceiling finishes, mouldings, skirting, window and door components need different evidence from outdoor decking. Ask about the actual formulation, indoor emissions, fire performance, dimensional tolerances and cleaning restrictions. Products sold under the name WPC flooring may use different core formulations; confirm whether wood fibre is actually present.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#interiors"},{"id":"waterfront","heading":"Docks, pontoons and waterside decking","text":"Define splash, intermittent wetting and continuous immersion separately. Review the supporting structure, fixings, cleaning, slip conditions and component replacement. Evidence for a residential terrace should not be assumed to cover a pontoon, dock or permanently immersed component.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#waterfront"},{"id":"specialist","heading":"Roofing, transport, packaging and custom components","text":"Specialist proposals can include roof profiles, acoustic screens, pallets, enclosures and moulded transport or industrial parts. Treat each as a separate development and validation project: ask for the intended-use specification, required tests, manufacturing tolerances and applicable approvals. Distinguish wood-filled polymers from other natural-fibre composites such as flax- or hemp-reinforced components. This section does not imply that generic WPC boards meet transport, roofing, acoustic or structural requirements.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#specialist"},{"id":"lifecycle","heading":"Material choice, installation and the product life cycle","text":"Compare the polymer and fibre system, cap layers, profile geometry and manufacturing method. Before purchase, establish installation responsibilities, written maintenance instructions, warranty scope, access for repair and take-back or waste routes available locally. Avoid assuming all composites are PVC-free, fully recyclable, maintenance-free or equivalent in service life.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#lifecycle"},{"id":"evidence","heading":"Evidence boundaries","text":"The linked research describes material behaviour and application history. It is not a current product approval. Research on fire-retardant formulations also illustrates why a general material label cannot replace actual fire-performance evidence. Obtain current test documentation for the product and complete assembly, and have the relevant project professionals review safety-critical uses.","references":[2],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-applications/#evidence"}],"answer":"WPC is a material family, not a single interchangeable building product. Applications range from decking, cladding and fencing to furniture, landscaping, joinery and specialist manufactured components. Each use needs evidence for its exact product and assembly.","takeaways":"Choose by intended use, not appearance alone.\nReview the profile, supports, connections and exposure as a system.\nCheck current product evidence; historical research is background.\nPlan installation, maintenance, repair and end-of-life handling.","table_caption":"Application and specification checks","related":["article-decking-selection","article-cladding-fencing-products","article-moisture-weathering"],"version":1,"published":"2026-09-26","modified":"2026-09-26","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["WPC","applications","cladding","composite profiles"],"change_note":"Application coverage expanded. Editorial guidance prepared with AI assistance; specialist review not yet recorded.","categoryId":"cat-applications","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":[],"referenceIds":["ref-wpc-application-durability","ref-wpc-fire-research"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"wpc-applications","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Application | Main review focus | Evidence to request\nDecking and steps | Loads, slip and drainage | Exact profile and installation system\nCladding | Wall build-up and exposure | Assembly details and applicable fire evidence\nFences and screens | Wind and connections | Panel, rail and post system\nRailings | Fall protection | Complete guard-system evidence\nInteriors and joinery | Indoor use and fit | Emissions, fire and dimensional data\nFurniture and landscaping | Contact, exposure and repair | Component-specific documentation\nSpecialist components | Defined intended use | Project-specific testing and approvals","aiAssisted":true,"references":[{"title":"Durability of wood-plastic composite lumber — Ibach (2010)","description":"Historical research context; not certification of a current product or assembly.","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/36662","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-26","noindex":false},{"title":"Evaluation of fire retardants in wood flour–polyethylene composites — Stark et al. (2010)","description":"Historical research context; not certification of a current product or assembly.","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/36603","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-26","noindex":false}],"faqs":[]},{"id":"article-wpc-cladding-profiles","slug":"wpc-cladding-profiles","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-cladding-profiles/","title":"WPC cladding profiles: façades, slats, soffits and fascia","description":"Understand composite cladding profiles, wall assemblies and the questions to ask before specification.","sections":[{"id":"profile-types","heading":"Profile shapes and surface construction","text":"A cladding enquiry may describe flat boards, fluted panels, slats, open-joint profiles, tongue-and-groove profiles or other interlocking shapes. Record whether the product is solid or hollow and capped or uncapped. Ask for the actual drawing, tolerances, finish and declared installation orientations rather than relying on a catalogue image.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-cladding-profiles/#profile-types"},{"id":"assembly","heading":"A profile is not the whole façade","text":"Map the wall build-up, substructure, fixings, openings, corners and transitions. Ask the designer and supplier to establish ventilation, drainage, movement and weather-management details for the selected assembly. Check how exposed ends and joints are treated. Do not assume a decorative panel provides waterproofing or structural support.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-cladding-profiles/#assembly"},{"id":"soffits-fascia","heading":"Soffits, fascia and overhead applications","text":"Identify whether the supplier permits the proposed overhead or edge application. Review fixing access, wind exposure, movement and the consequences of a loose component. A fixing arrangement for a vertical wall should not automatically be reused for a soffit.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-cladding-profiles/#soffits-fascia"},{"id":"fire-performance","heading":"Fire and safety evidence","text":"Research has examined how additives affect WPC fire behaviour. This does not establish the classification of a commercial cladding panel. Ask for current evidence for the exact product and, where required, the complete wall system; have a competent project professional verify the requirements for the location, building and use.","references":[2],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-cladding-profiles/#fire-performance"},{"id":"service","heading":"Weathering, cleaning and replacement","text":"Historical WPC research reports moisture- and weathering-related performance issues; it does not predict the durability of every current product. Ask for exposure-relevant evidence, cleaning instructions and the expected appearance change. Plan access to replace one damaged profile without unnecessary removal of surrounding components.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-cladding-profiles/#service"},{"id":"specifier-checklist","heading":"What to request from the supplier","text":"Request the product identifier, composition description, profile drawing, cap details, permitted use and orientation, installation manual, compatible fixings, assembly evidence, care instructions and warranty exclusions. Record which document revision applies to the supplied batch. A product comparison is useful only when the installation scope is comparable.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/wpc-cladding-profiles/#specifier-checklist"}],"answer":"WPC cladding profiles are composite boards or panels intended for a defined wall or finishing application. Profile shape, cap construction and appearance are only part of selection: check the complete assembly, fixing method, exposure and current evidence for the intended use.","takeaways":"Choose by intended use, not appearance alone.\nReview the profile, supports, connections and exposure as a system.\nCheck current product evidence; historical research is background.\nPlan installation, maintenance, repair and end-of-life handling.","table_caption":"Application and specification checks","related":["article-decking-selection","article-cladding-fencing-products","article-moisture-weathering"],"version":1,"published":"2026-09-26","modified":"2026-09-26","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["WPC","applications","cladding","composite profiles"],"change_note":"Application coverage expanded. Editorial guidance prepared with AI assistance; specialist review not yet recorded.","categoryId":"cat-applications","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":[],"referenceIds":["ref-wpc-application-durability","ref-wpc-fire-research"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"wpc-cladding-profiles","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Decision | Question | Documentation\nProfile | Which shape, cap and dimensions? | Drawing and product identification\nWall assembly | How are drainage and movement handled? | Project-specific details\nFixings | Which supports and fasteners apply? | Installation instructions\nFire | What evidence applies to this use? | Current product or assembly test documentation\nMaintenance | How is it cleaned and repaired? | Care instructions and replacement procedure","aiAssisted":true,"references":[{"title":"Durability of wood-plastic composite lumber — Ibach (2010)","description":"Historical research context; not certification of a current product or assembly.","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/36662","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-26","noindex":false},{"title":"Evaluation of fire retardants in wood flour–polyethylene composites — Stark et al. (2010)","description":"Historical research context; not certification of a current product or assembly.","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/36603","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-26","noindex":false}],"faqs":[]},{"id":"article-cladding-fencing-products","slug":"cladding-fencing-products","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/cladding-fencing-products/","title":"Composite cladding, fencing and other applications","description":"Why each composite application needs its own specification.","sections":[{"id":"section-0","heading":"One material family, different jobs","text":"A material suitable for a deck is not automatically suitable as façade cladding, fencing or furniture. Geometry, fixings and exposure change with the application. Start a fresh product review each time the use changes.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/cladding-fencing-products/#section-0"},{"id":"section-1","heading":"Cladding: review the assembly","text":"Ask for evidence for the proposed wall assembly, including its fixings and substructure. Fire requirements are project- and jurisdiction-specific; have the project team verify the applicable requirements. Do not infer compliance from a generic material description.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/cladding-fencing-products/#section-1"},{"id":"section-2","heading":"Fencing: consider the supports","text":"Check the panel, rails, posts and connections as a system. Ask how the proposed design addresses wind exposure and movement. Make sure the quoted configuration is the one covered by the supplier’s design information.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/cladding-fencing-products/#section-2"},{"id":"section-3","heading":"Furniture and moulded parts","text":"Natural fibres also appear in moulded polymer components. For seating, screens or interior parts, write an application-specific checklist covering loads, cleaning, exposure and replaceable parts. Require evidence for that component rather than relying on a result from another product family.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/cladding-fencing-products/#section-3"}],"answer":"A material suitable for one application is not automatically suitable for another. Cladding, fences and moulded parts need separate product and assembly reviews. Define the use, exposure and supports before transferring performance claims.","takeaways":"Project-specific façade requirements\nExposure and support design\nLoads, contact surfaces and cleaning","table_caption":"Practical comparison checklist","related":["moisture-weathering","recycling-and-circularity"],"version":2,"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["Applications","NFC","WPC","cladding fencing products"],"change_note":"Expanded reference format with a direct summary, comparison checklist and source links.","categoryId":"cat-applications","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-cladding-fencing-products-0","faq-cladding-fencing-products-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-fd247e61866a"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"cladding-fencing-products","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Topic | Evidence or meaning | What to check\nCladding | Wall assembly | Project-specific façade requirements\nFencing | Panels and posts | Exposure and support design\nFurniture | Complete component | Loads, contact surfaces and cleaning","references":[{"title":"Background reading · USDA: Natural fibers","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/23121","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Is WPC cladding automatically fire compliant?","answer":"No. A material name is not compliance evidence. The applicable requirements and assembly need a project-specific review."},{"question":"Can decking profiles be used as fencing?","answer":"Only when the proposed use and connections are supported by suitable product and design information."}]},{"id":"article-decking-selection","slug":"decking-selection","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/decking-selection/","title":"Composite decking selection: a specification checklist","description":"A project-first checklist for comparing boards, finishes and installation systems.","sections":[{"id":"section-0","heading":"Define the use before the board","text":"Describe the project: private terrace or public walkway, shaded or exposed, frequently wet or usually dry. Record anticipated loading, access for maintenance and the supporting structure. This brief gives suppliers something concrete to respond to.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/decking-selection/#section-0"},{"id":"section-1","heading":"Compare complete systems","text":"Request the exact profile, fasteners, supporting structure and installation instructions. Ask for permitted spans and loading for the intended use. Do not carry a spacing rule from one product to another, or assume a thicker board automatically permits a longer span.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/decking-selection/#section-1"},{"id":"section-2","heading":"Read the evidence in context","text":"For a wet area, ask for relevant slip-test evidence and the test conditions. Check how the surface was prepared and whether the result applies to the finish you are buying. For exposed locations, ask about dimensional movement and weathering evidence.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/decking-selection/#section-2"},{"id":"section-3","heading":"Plan for life after installation","text":"Get written cleaning instructions, replacement arrangements and warranty exclusions. Include drainage, access and movement allowances in the project review. Compare total installed scope so that missing accessories or preparatory work do not distort the price comparison.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/decking-selection/#section-3"}],"answer":"Select composite decking as an installed system: boards, supports, fasteners, drainage and movement allowances. Ask for evidence for the exact profile, surface and intended use. A generic WPC label is not a span, slip or service-life rating.","takeaways":"Supports and span\nSurface finish and conditions\nJoints, ends and fixings","table_caption":"Practical comparison checklist","related":["cladding-fencing-products","moisture-weathering"],"version":2,"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["Applications","NFC","WPC","decking selection"],"change_note":"Expanded reference format with a direct summary, comparison checklist and source links.","categoryId":"cat-applications","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-decking-selection-0","faq-decking-selection-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-9d3c29d27062"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"decking-selection","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Topic | Evidence or meaning | What to check\nLoading | Profile-specific evidence | Supports and span\nWet surfaces | Slip-test report | Surface finish and conditions\nMovement | Installation instructions | Joints, ends and fixings\nMaintenance | Cleaning instructions | Access and responsibility","references":[{"title":"Advances and challenges of wood polymer composites","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/25693","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Are solid boards always stronger than hollow boards?","answer":"Geometry alone is insufficient. Use profile-specific evidence for loading, supports and exposure."},{"question":"Can every composite board span 600 mm?","answer":"No universal spacing follows from the material name. Use the permitted spacing for the exact product and project."}]},{"id":"article-extrusion-and-capping","slug":"extrusion-and-capping","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/extrusion-and-capping/","title":"WPC extrusion and co-extrusion: process and cap layers","description":"A practical introduction to shaping composite materials and adding a cap layer.","sections":[{"id":"section-0","heading":"Shaping the material","text":"Wood–polymer products can be manufactured by extrusion, co-extrusion, injection moulding and thermal moulding. The route depends on the product geometry and material system. Long profiles and individual moulded parts need different production approaches.","references":[2],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/extrusion-and-capping/#section-0"},{"id":"section-1","heading":"A cap is a separate layer","text":"Capped WPC products have a polymer-rich outer layer around some or all of the composite core. Capping is intended to help protect the core and manage surface performance. Coverage, layer integrity and exposed ends still deserve attention.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/extrusion-and-capping/#section-1"},{"id":"section-2","heading":"Questions for a production review","text":"Ask how raw materials are checked, how process conditions are recorded and how profile dimensions are verified. Request the acceptance criteria for the cap, surface finish and finished product. Keep retained samples linked to batch records.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/extrusion-and-capping/#section-2"},{"id":"section-3","heading":"Validate the finished profile","text":"A successful trial run is a starting point. Agree which product tests and manufacturing checks must pass before release. Treat a change to the formulation, cap or geometry as a reason to review whether existing evidence still applies.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/extrusion-and-capping/#section-3"}],"answer":"Extrusion produces a continuous profile by shaping material through a die. Co-extrusion forms layers together, allowing a WPC core and an outer cap to serve different functions. Cap coverage and finished-product evidence still need to be checked.","takeaways":"Which limits trigger rejection?\nHow is consistency monitored?\nHow is layer integrity assessed?","table_caption":"Practical comparison checklist","related":["decking-selection","cladding-fencing-products"],"version":2,"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["Manufacturing","NFC","WPC","extrusion and capping"],"change_note":"Expanded reference format with a direct summary, comparison checklist and source links.","categoryId":"cat-manufacturing","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-extrusion-and-capping-0","faq-extrusion-and-capping-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-f1940d1d2ba7","ref-9d3c29d27062"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"extrusion-and-capping","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Topic | Evidence or meaning | What to check\nMaterial preparation | Incoming quality | Which limits trigger rejection?\nForming | Process records | How is consistency monitored?\nCap and finish | Surface checks | How is layer integrity assessed?\nFinished profile | Product tests | Does the tested profile match supply?","references":[{"title":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory · Durability of Capped Wood Plastic Composites","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/51020","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""},{"title":"Advances and challenges of wood polymer composites","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/25693","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Does capped WPC need no maintenance?","answer":"Capping does not remove the need for product-specific cleaning and installation instructions."},{"question":"Can uncapped-profile tests cover a capped profile?","answer":"Do not assume they do. Ask whether the evidence covers the current construction."}]},{"id":"article-moisture-weathering","slug":"moisture-weathering","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/moisture-weathering/","title":"WPC durability: moisture, weathering and service life","description":"A realistic look at exposure, maintenance and the questions behind durability claims.","sections":[{"id":"section-0","heading":"Exposure changes the question","text":"Wood–polymer composites experience moisture and temperature effects. Published research also examines ultraviolet exposure and biological degradation. A material description alone cannot predict how every formulation will behave in every setting.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/moisture-weathering/#section-0"},{"id":"section-1","heading":"The interface matters","text":"Coupling agents can improve bonding between wood and polymer. Research has examined their role in reducing moisture uptake. This is a formulation-dependent effect, not a reason to describe every composite as waterproof.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/moisture-weathering/#section-1"},{"id":"section-2","heading":"What a useful test report tells you","text":"Look for the product identification, conditioning, exposure method and measured property. Ask what changed after exposure, not only what the initial result was. Keep accelerated laboratory results distinct from a prediction of service life at your site.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/moisture-weathering/#section-2"},{"id":"section-3","heading":"Design for inspection","text":"Make drainage and cleaning access part of the design discussion. Follow the product’s installation and maintenance instructions. If a project involves persistent moisture or unusual exposure, ask the supplier to address that condition explicitly before selection.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/moisture-weathering/#section-3"}],"answer":"WPC durability depends on formulation, interfaces, geometry and exposure. Test results should identify the material, conditioning and measured change. Accelerated exposure alone is not a universal service-life prediction.","takeaways":"Dimensional or mechanical change\nChanges after exposure\nRelevance to the actual site","table_caption":"Practical comparison checklist","related":["recycling-and-circularity","what-is-wood-plastic-composite"],"version":2,"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["Performance","NFC","WPC","moisture weathering"],"change_note":"Expanded reference format with a direct summary, comparison checklist and source links.","categoryId":"cat-performance","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-moisture-weathering-0","faq-moisture-weathering-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-2275fcf1c4bb"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"moisture-weathering","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Topic | Evidence or meaning | What to check\nMoisture | Method and conditioning | Dimensional or mechanical change\nWeathering | Exposure and property | Changes after exposure\nService life | Evidence and limitations | Relevance to the actual site","references":[{"title":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory · Wood-plastic composites with reduced moisture","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/31174","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Is WPC waterproof?","answer":"Do not apply that claim to the whole family. Moisture behaviour depends on formulation and construction."},{"question":"Does a long warranty prove service life?","answer":"A warranty is a contractual promise with conditions. It does not replace a performance assessment."}]},{"id":"article-natural-fibres","slug":"natural-fibres","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/natural-fibres/","title":"Natural fibres for composites: wood, flax and hemp","description":"Wood, flax, hemp and agricultural fibres open up different routes to composite products.","sections":[{"id":"section-0","heading":"More than one kind of fibre","text":"Natural-fibre composites include more than wood-filled profiles. Flax, hemp, jute, kenaf and other plant fibres are used in polymer composites. Automotive interior components are one established application, including liners and panels.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/natural-fibres/#section-0"},{"id":"section-1","heading":"Match the fibre to the process","text":"“Natural fibre” is too broad a description for a purchasing specification. Ask whether the material is flour, chopped fibre or a mat, and request information about particle size, moisture and batch consistency. The useful comparison is the fibre as supplied to your process.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/natural-fibres/#section-1"},{"id":"section-2","heading":"What to ask a supplier","text":"Request the source, processing method and quality limits alongside a physical sample. Agree how incoming material will be checked. A locally available residue may be attractive, but a repeatable supply specification is more useful than an appealing origin story.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/natural-fibres/#section-2"},{"id":"section-3","heading":"Look at the complete component","text":"Compare finished parts under the intended conditions. Do not transfer results for one fibre, matrix or manufacturing method to another without evidence. Keep sourcing claims separate from claims about strength, durability or environmental impact.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/natural-fibres/#section-3"}],"answer":"Natural fibre composites use fibres or particles of natural origin within a matrix. Wood and fibres such as flax, hemp, jute and kenaf are options for polymer composites. Fibre form and processing history are as important as the plant name.","takeaways":"Particle-size distribution\nLength distribution after processing\nForming process and resin system","table_caption":"Practical comparison checklist","related":["polymer-matrix","extrusion-and-capping"],"version":2,"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["Materials","NFC","WPC","natural fibres"],"change_note":"Expanded reference format with a direct summary, comparison checklist and source links.","categoryId":"cat-materials","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-natural-fibres-0","faq-natural-fibres-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-c9b3da68752c"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"natural-fibres","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Topic | Evidence or meaning | What to check\nWood flour | Particulate feedstock | Particle-size distribution\nChopped fibres | Discrete fibre lengths | Length distribution after processing\nFibre mats | Sheet-like preforms | Forming process and resin system","references":[{"title":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory · Natural fibers","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/40826","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Does natural fibre mean biodegradable composite?","answer":"No. An ingredient of natural origin does not establish biodegradability of the whole fibre–polymer product."},{"question":"Can one plant fibre replace another directly?","answer":"Do not assume direct substitution. Validate the supplied fibre, processing behaviour and finished component."}]},{"id":"article-nfc-vs-wpc","slug":"nfc-vs-wpc","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/nfc-vs-wpc/","title":"NFC vs WPC: definitions, differences and overlap","description":"How natural fibre composites and wood–plastic composites relate, and why terminology depends on context.","answer":"Natural fibre composite (NFC) is a broad description for a composite containing natural fibres. Wood–plastic composite (WPC) identifies wood combined with polymer. The terms overlap: some standards use WPC for a wider group of cellulose-based thermoplastic composites. Always check the definition in the document you are using.","takeaways":"Check the definition used by the standard or supplier.\nIdentify the fibre and matrix separately.\nNeither acronym is a performance certification.","sections":[{"id":"definitions","heading":"What do NFC and WPC mean?","text":"In this reference, NFC is the broad plant-fibre composite family, and WPC is the wood-containing polymer group. Industry usage is not completely uniform. The EN 15534 series covers cellulose-based materials combined with thermoplastics and uses WPC as an abbreviated label within that scope.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/nfc-vs-wpc/#definitions"},{"id":"matrix-scope","heading":"Does WPC always mean a thermoplastic?","text":"Wood–plastic composite can be used broadly for wood combined with thermoset or thermoplastic polymers. Much of the literature on commercial profiles focuses on thermoplastics. State that scope explicitly: a statement about remelting does not apply to every polymer composite.","references":[2],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/nfc-vs-wpc/#matrix-scope"},{"id":"material-description","heading":"Replace the acronym with a specification","text":"Record the fibre source and form, polymer family, relevant additives, manufacturing route and final product. Then record the evidence required for the application. This gives suppliers a repeatable brief and helps reviewers identify which part of a system has changed.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/nfc-vs-wpc/#material-description"},{"id":"using-terms","heading":"How to describe a material clearly","text":"A description such as “wood-flour-filled HDPE profile” identifies more than an acronym alone. It still makes no claim about load, fire or durability. Keep composition and performance as separate parts of the specification, with evidence attached to each claim.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/nfc-vs-wpc/#using-terms"}],"table_caption":"Material terminology: a guide to interpretation","related":["what-is-wood-plastic-composite","natural-fibres"],"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","version":1,"keywords":["Fundamentals","NFC","WPC","nfc vs wpc"],"change_note":"First publication of this reference entry.","categoryId":"cat-fundamentals","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-nfc-vs-wpc-0","faq-nfc-vs-wpc-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-77cdecc2219b","ref-a6d3cb909b32"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"nfc-vs-wpc","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Term | Scope in this reference | Not established by the label\nNFC | Broad plant-fibre composite family | Matrix, approval or lifespan\nWPC | Wood and polymer; sometimes broader in standards | PVC-free or waterproof performance\nBiocomposite | Requires a stated definition | Whole-product biodegradability","references":[{"title":"SS-EN 15534-4:2014: scope and terminology","url":"https://www.sis.se/en/produkter/wood-technology/woodbased-panels/general/ssen1553442014/","publisher":"Swedish Institute for Standards","type":"Standards catalogue","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""},{"title":"Wood thermoplastic composites","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/22052","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Is WPC a type of NFC?","answer":"In the broad material-family sense, wood-fibre polymer composites fit within natural-fibre composites. Documents may define the terms differently."},{"question":"Does NFC mean plastic-free?","answer":"No. NFC describes the natural fibre component, not the absence of a polymer matrix."}]},{"id":"article-polymer-matrix","slug":"polymer-matrix","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/polymer-matrix/","title":"Polymer matrices in WPC: HDPE, PP and PVC","description":"The plastic is not just a binder. It is a central part of how a composite behaves.","sections":[{"id":"section-0","heading":"The continuous phase","text":"In a WPC, the polymer matrix surrounds the wood component. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride are among the polymers discussed in WPC literature. Their chemistry and formulation differ, so the word “plastic” alone tells a buyer very little.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/polymer-matrix/#section-0"},{"id":"section-1","heading":"Moisture and temperature","text":"Wood readily absorbs moisture, which can change its dimensions and properties. Matrix polymers typically absorb less moisture, but respond to temperature. Good design must account for both constituents rather than assume that adding plastic makes wood immune to its environment.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/polymer-matrix/#section-1"},{"id":"section-2","heading":"Virgin and recycled feedstock","text":"Ask for the polymer identity and the incoming-material specification, whether the feedstock is virgin, recycled or a blend. For recycled material, ask how contamination and variation are controlled. Compare documented consistency and finished-product performance.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/polymer-matrix/#section-2"},{"id":"section-3","heading":"Choose by requirements","text":"Avoid selecting a product by polymer name alone. Set the application requirements first, then compare the relevant test results, installation instructions and material declarations. A matrix choice is only one part of a larger formulation and product design.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/polymer-matrix/#section-3"}],"answer":"The polymer matrix forms the continuous phase around the wood or fibre. Polyethylene, polypropylene and PVC are used in WPC systems. A polymer name is a starting point; formulation and finished-product evidence are needed for a useful comparison.","takeaways":"Grade and recycled-content basis\nGrade and coupling system\nRelevant material declaration","table_caption":"Practical comparison checklist","related":["extrusion-and-capping","decking-selection"],"version":2,"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["Materials","NFC","WPC","polymer matrix"],"change_note":"Expanded reference format with a direct summary, comparison checklist and source links.","categoryId":"cat-materials","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-polymer-matrix-0","faq-polymer-matrix-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-f1eb528c8070"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"polymer-matrix","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Topic | Evidence or meaning | What to check\nHDPE | High-density polyethylene | Grade and recycled-content basis\nPP | Polypropylene | Grade and coupling system\nPVC | Polyvinyl chloride | Relevant material declaration","references":[{"title":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory · Raw materials for wood-polymer composites","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/36721","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Is recycled polymer always lower quality?","answer":"A recycled-content label alone is not a performance result. Compare feedstock controls and finished-product evidence."},{"question":"Can I compare boards by polymer alone?","answer":"No. Fibre, additives, geometry, processing and exposure also affect the comparison."}]},{"id":"article-recycling-and-circularity","slug":"recycling-and-circularity","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/recycling-and-circularity/","title":"Recycling natural fibre composites: what circularity requires","description":"Look beyond recycled-content percentages to collection, reprocessing and the next useful life.","sections":[{"id":"section-0","heading":"Potential is not a collection route","text":"Thermoplastic natural-fibre composites offer opportunities for recycling, but research identifies challenges in reprocessing and material compatibility. A material’s ability to be reprocessed does not establish that a local collection and recycling service exists.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/recycling-and-circularity/#section-0"},{"id":"section-1","heading":"Properties can change","text":"Repeated reprocessing can affect mechanical, thermal and moisture-related behaviour. Research findings depend on the fibre, polymer, formulation and processing history. Avoid turning a result for a studied material into a universal number of recycling cycles.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/recycling-and-circularity/#section-1"},{"id":"section-2","heading":"Ask four practical questions","text":"Who will accept this exact product? How will it be collected? What contamination or sorting limits apply? What is the intended next product? A credible end-of-life plan gives specific answers and identifies the organisation responsible.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/recycling-and-circularity/#section-2"},{"id":"section-3","heading":"Keep environmental claims precise","text":"Distinguish recycled content from recyclability, and plant-based ingredients from biodegradability. When comparing environmental documents, check that the scope and assumptions match the decision you are making. Treat broad “eco-friendly” language as an invitation to ask for detail.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/recycling-and-circularity/#section-3"}],"answer":"Thermoplastic natural fibre composites offer reprocessing opportunities, but recyclability depends on the material and a usable collection route. Repeated processing may change properties. Ask who accepts the exact product and what happens to it next.","takeaways":"Percentage and calculation basis\nWho accepts this material?\nConditions and costs","table_caption":"Practical comparison checklist","related":["what-is-wood-plastic-composite","natural-fibres"],"version":2,"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["Sustainability","NFC","WPC","recycling and circularity"],"change_note":"Expanded reference format with a direct summary, comparison checklist and source links.","categoryId":"cat-sustainability","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-recycling-and-circularity-0","faq-recycling-and-circularity-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-4c8e3620aede"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"recycling-and-circularity","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Topic | Evidence or meaning | What to check\nRecycled content | Input material | Percentage and calculation basis\nRecyclability | Potential next use | Who accepts this material?\nTake-back | Collection commitment | Conditions and costs","references":[{"title":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory · Recycling of natural fiber composites","url":"https://impact.ornl.gov/en/publications/recycling-of-natural-fiber-composites-challenges-and-opportunitie/","publisher":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Can WPC go in household plastic recycling?","answer":"Do not assume acceptance. Ask the local operator or take-back provider about the exact material."},{"question":"Does natural fibre make a composite compostable?","answer":"No. Compostability needs evidence for the entire product under specified conditions."}]},{"id":"article-testing-and-standards","slug":"testing-and-standards","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/testing-and-standards/","title":"WPC testing and standards: how to read the evidence","description":"An introduction to EN 15534, ASTM D7032 and the difference between test methods, specifications and project approval.","answer":"A test method describes how to measure a property. A product specification sets requirements within a defined scope. A report records results for identified specimens. None is automatic approval for every product, installation or country. Check the edition, scope and product identity.","takeaways":"Match results to a specific product and method.\nSeparate test findings from project suitability.\nConfirm the applicable edition.","sections":[{"id":"standards-map","heading":"A starting map of the standards","text":"EN 15534-1 addresses characterisation methods for cellulose-based thermoplastic compounds and products. Parts 4 and 5 concern decking and cladding respectively. ASTM D7032 concerns performance ratings for exterior decking and related components. Their scopes differ; a reference to a standard does not replace reading it.","references":[1,2,3,4],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/testing-and-standards/#standards-map"},{"id":"read-report","heading":"Read the report before the headline result","text":"Start with specimen identification, dimensions, product code, date and laboratory. Record the method and edition, conditioning, exposure, test configuration and units. Read the limitations as well as the result. Ask for clarification if the supplied profile differs from the specimen.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/testing-and-standards/#read-report"},{"id":"comparing-results","heading":"Compare on a common basis","text":"Create a sheet with one row per requirement and one column per product. Retain original units and conditions. Mark missing evidence as missing. Ask the project specialist whether results obtained under different conditions can be compared.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/testing-and-standards/#comparing-results"},{"id":"approval","heading":"Keep evidence and approval separate","text":"The relevance of a report depends on the proposed use. Have the responsible project team determine requirements for the location, assembly and exposure. This reference navigates public catalogue descriptions; it does not reproduce standards or provide a legal compliance assessment.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/testing-and-standards/#approval"}],"table_caption":"Selected standards families — verify the applicable edition","related":["decking-selection","moisture-weathering"],"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","version":1,"keywords":["Performance","NFC","WPC","testing and standards"],"change_note":"First publication of this reference entry.","categoryId":"cat-performance","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-testing-and-standards-0","faq-testing-and-standards-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-0e046e5cadbf","ref-77cdecc2219b","ref-2e876e5c0f89","ref-2bbcb5a98222"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"testing-and-standards","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Reference | Scope at a glance | Catalogue\nEN 15534-1 | Characterisation methods | DIN Media\nEN 15534-4 | Decking profiles and tiles | SIS\nEN 15534-5 | Cladding profiles and tiles | DIN Media\nASTM D7032 | Decking and related component performance ratings | ASTM","references":[{"title":"DIN EN 15534-1:2018-02 catalogue","url":"https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-en-15534-1/280732338","publisher":"DIN Media","type":"Standards catalogue","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""},{"title":"SS-EN 15534-4:2014: scope and terminology","url":"https://www.sis.se/en/produkter/wood-technology/woodbased-panels/general/ssen1553442014/","publisher":"Swedish Institute for Standards","type":"Standards catalogue","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""},{"title":"DIN EN 15534-5:2014-04 catalogue","url":"https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-en-15534-5/189278730","publisher":"DIN Media","type":"Standards catalogue","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""},{"title":"ASTM D7032-21 catalogue","url":"https://store.astm.org/d7032-21.html","publisher":"ASTM International","type":"Standards catalogue","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Does “tested to EN 15534” mean the product passed?","answer":"That phrase is incomplete. Ask which part, edition, properties and requirements were assessed, and request the results."},{"question":"Is a report valid in every country?","answer":"Not automatically. Consider the scope of the report together with the requirements of the destination project."}]},{"id":"article-what-is-wood-plastic-composite","slug":"what-is-wood-plastic-composite","locale":"en","url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/what-is-wood-plastic-composite/","title":"What is wood–plastic composite (WPC)?","description":"What wood–plastic composites are, how their ingredients work together, and why the finished product matters more than the label.","sections":[{"id":"section-0","heading":"Two materials, one system","text":"A wood–plastic composite (WPC) combines wood flour or fibres with a polymer matrix. The matrix surrounds the wood component; the resulting material can be formed into profiles or moulded parts. “Composite” describes the combination, not a guaranteed level of performance.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/what-is-wood-plastic-composite/#section-0"},{"id":"section-1","heading":"What each ingredient does","text":"The wood component can contribute stiffness. The polymer gives the mixture a continuous, formable phase. Additives help tailor processing and performance. A formulation is therefore a balance between ingredients, their interaction and the way the product is manufactured.","references":[1],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/what-is-wood-plastic-composite/#section-1"},{"id":"section-2","heading":"Start with the application","text":"A terrace board, a façade panel and an interior moulded component do different jobs. Before comparing products, write down the exposure, loads, appearance and maintenance requirements of your project. Then ask for evidence for the exact profile and installation system being offered.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/what-is-wood-plastic-composite/#section-2"},{"id":"section-3","heading":"Read a specification critically","text":"Separate the material recipe from the finished-product test results. Ask which polymer is used, how the fibre content is stated and whether test specimens match the current product. A high fibre percentage, a recycled-content claim or a long warranty does not answer every performance question.","references":[],"url":"https://woodplasticcomposite.net/guides/what-is-wood-plastic-composite/#section-3"}],"answer":"Wood–plastic composite (WPC) combines wood flour or fibres with a polymer matrix and selected additives. Outdoor profiles commonly use thermoplastics. The composition, geometry and manufacturing process together determine the properties of the finished product.","takeaways":"Source, particle size and moisture limits\nPolymer identity and feedstock controls\nPurpose and verification","table_caption":"Practical comparison checklist","related":["natural-fibres","polymer-matrix"],"version":2,"published":"2026-09-24","modified":"2026-09-24","review_status":"Specialist review not yet recorded","author_id":"editorial","keywords":["Fundamentals","NFC","WPC","what is wood plastic composite"],"change_note":"Expanded reference format with a direct summary, comparison checklist and source links.","categoryId":"cat-fundamentals","topicIds":[],"tagIds":[],"faqIds":["faq-what-is-wood-plastic-composite-0","faq-what-is-wood-plastic-composite-1"],"referenceIds":["ref-15bf0f2785d9"],"heroImageId":"","seoTitle":"","seoDescription":"","noindex":false,"translationGroup":"what-is-wood-plastic-composite","reviewer":"","reviewedAt":"","author":"NFC & WPC Knowledge Reference","canonicalOverride":"","tableText":"Topic | Evidence or meaning | What to check\nWood | Flour or fibres | Source, particle size and moisture limits\nPolymer | Continuous phase | Polymer identity and feedstock controls\nAdditives | Formulation-specific functions | Purpose and verification","references":[{"title":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory · Wood/Nonwood Thermoplastic Composites","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/42497","publisher":"USDA Forest Products Laboratory","type":"Research publication","accessed":"2026-09-24","description":""}],"faqs":[{"question":"Is WPC the same as solid wood?","answer":"No. WPC combines wood-derived material with polymer and needs its own product documentation."},{"question":"Is every WPC product PVC-free?","answer":"No. The polymer must be identified; the term WPC does not establish that PVC is absent."}]}]}